| Cutting | Cutting, knife cutting, sawing, laser cutting, waterjet cutting, CNC cutting | Paper, wood, metal, glass, composite board, film | Contour boundaries, pore arrays, modular panels |
| Molded | Folding, bending, hot bending, vacuum forming, creasing, hot pressing, tensioning | Paper, plastic, film, metal, fabric | folds, strips, blocks, dynamic structures |
| Stacked classes | Multi-layer lamination, transparent lamination, staggered lamination, sandwich layer | Paper, acrylic, glass, resin, film, composite materials | Ghosting, Depth, Layers, Light and Shadow |
| Casting/Molding | Casting, mold casting, molding, lamination, encapsulation | Concrete, resin, gypsum, silicone, pulp, composite materials | Solid blocks, modules, mezzanine structures |
| Connection/Assembly Class | Mortise and tenon joints, inserts, clips, screws, rivets, splicing, welding | Wood, cardboard, metal, plastic, 3D printed parts | Modular system, detachable structure, node composition |
| Surface texture | Embossing, engraving, sandblasting, wire drawing, flamed finish, exposed aggregate, polishing | Paper, wood, glass, metal, stone, ceramics | Poor gloss, texture rhythm, material expression |
| Coloring/Coating | Dyeing, spraying, anodizing, powder coating, UV coating, wood wax oil, sealing coat | Wood, metal, resin, paper, plaster, composite materials | Color blocking, durability, protection, and uniform surface finish |
| Hollow/Open-hole type | Hollowed-out, punched, micro-perforated, windowed, hole array | Paper, sheets, metal, film, 3D printed parts | Grid, windowpane, rhythm, light transmission structure |
| Lighting effects | Backlight, LED, diffusion, dimming, electronic ink, translucent interlayer | Acrylic, glass, LED panel, smart film, resin | Light and shadow composition, interactive display, and variable interface |
| Electronic/Interactive | Conductive path, partitioned electrodes, touch control, flexible circuitry, phase change response | Conductive fabrics, paper-based electronics, graphene, E-ink, PCM | Interactive media, dynamic structures, programmable interfaces |
| Digital Manufacturing | SLS printing, CNC engraving, vacuum pressing, thermoforming | Nylon, MDF, composite materials, sheet plastics | Parametric structure, complex pores, modular manufacturing |