{"id":1800,"date":"2026-03-08T17:31:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-08T17:31:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arttao.net\/?page_id=1800"},"modified":"2026-03-08T17:31:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-08T17:31:48","slug":"d4-3-nghe-thuat-ket-hop","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arttao.net\/vi\/d4-3-%e7%bb%84%e5%90%88%e8%89%ba%e6%9c%af\/","title":{"rendered":"D4-3. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p"},"content":{"rendered":"

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3. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dora Maurer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Op Art, v\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cao, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e9p t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n; m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, "tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; n\u1ebfu k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Clemens Behr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. Khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 sao ch\u00e9p, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoay ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7ch \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam b\u1ee9c tranh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp "c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan h\u1ec7". \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p; khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau giao nhau, b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hai chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng gian, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1eb3ng, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u; khi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

JOSEPH OSTRAFF<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. Trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i; trong khi \u1edf \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ef1a. Th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian hai chi\u1ec1u sang kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u, mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o sinh, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 theo quy tr\u00ecnh. Nh\u00ecn chung, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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