E1. Core Purpose

Nuclear will expand geometric abstract art from a single “picture object” into a comprehensive practice form within a deployable material system, process flow, and production system. This shift means that geometric abstraction will no longer exist solely on screens or canvases, but can enter the real-world manufacturing chain, transforming into real product forms that can be replicated, customized, scaled, and commercialized, such as installation art, architectural facades, textile patterns, digital prints, spatial furnishings, and interactive media interfaces.

E1.Core purpose

E2. Materials, Processes, and Integrated Methods

E2-1. Artist who uses transparent colors

E1-1. Arthur Dorval

E1-2. Max Bill

E1-3. Tricia Strickfaden

Patrick Wilson

E1-6. Carlos Cruz-Diez

E2-3.Traditional. Contemporary Materials. Craftsmanship List

E4-1. Traditional Material Classification Table

E4-2. Classification Table of Contemporary Materials

E4-3. Process Classification Summary Table

E4-4. Traditional, Contemporary Studio

E2-2.Contemporary artists using modern materials

E2-1. Michelle Benoit

E2-2. Jesús Rafael Soto

E2-4.Artist who uses a comprehensive approach

E3-1. Materials, Processes, and Integrated Methods Course Test

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E3.AI Materials, Processes, and Integrated Method Application System

Geometric structure and material feasibility analysis

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Paper

benchmark

Cutting/Laser Cutting
Clear boundaries, thin and light surface
Thin bridges are prone to breakage; the edges of holes are prone to fraying.
Suitable for planar geometry
Avoid dense holes; widen key areas.

Paper

Folded surface

Indentation + folding
Shadows are generated on the plane transition surface
Fibers are prone to cracking at fold lines
Suitable for folded structures
Avoid the dense area of holes with zigzag lines

Paper

Stacked

Multi-layer stacking
Layering and thickness enhancement
Alignment errors accumulate
Suitable for relief structures
First, position the holes, then overlap the adhesive.

Paper

Hollow out

Hollow Cut
Pore forming structural pattern
Too many holes will cause tearing.
Suitable for grid structures
Rounding the edges of holes

Paper

Embossing

Embossing texture
Enhanced light and shadow levels
Going too deep will tear the paper.
Suitable for background texture structure
Avoid the narrow bridge area

Paper

coating

Spraying/Dyeing
Color uniformity
Coating affects pore size
Suitable for color block training
Apply thin coats multiple times

Cardboard / Gray board

benchmark

Straight cut/laser cutting (standard thickness)
Stable shape, strong surface texture, slightly rough edges
Fine pores are prone to burrs; long, thin cantilever arms are prone to breakage.
Suitable for large geometric surfaces, mosaic base plates, and structural bases.
Leave sufficient bridge width around the hole; prioritize rounded holes to reduce tearing.

Cardboard / Gray board

Insert connection

Grooving + Insert (no glue required)
The connection nodes are clearly defined, and the modular design is strong.
The slot width and material thickness must match; repeated insertion and removal will cause it to loosen.
Suitable for grid frames, repeating units, and assembly structures
Groove width = thickness ± 0.2mm; double grooves added in the direction of force.

Cardboard / Gray board

Layered Thickening

Multiple layers of overlapping (misaligned or aligned)
Enhanced thickness and shadows create a more architectural feel.
Lamination misalignment errors accumulate; glue causes warping.
Suitable for relief geometry, stepped layers, and boundary reinforcement
Partial dispensing and weighting; first locate the holes, then stack the substrate.

Cardboard / Gray board

Edge wrapping

Edge wrapping paper/cloth tape/thin leather covering
More refined edges, improved overall texture
Edge binding incurs tolerances; covering the hole opening will reduce the hole diameter.
Suitable for display pieces and geometric works requiring clean edges.
Chamfer the edges first, then wrap the edges; leave the hole area unwrapped or leave a margin.

Cardboard / Gray board

Indentation fold

Indentation + bending forming (multi-faceted)
Transforming a flat surface into a three-dimensional shape creates stronger shadows.
Fiber breakage at the fold line; thick plates show significant springback.
Suitable for strips, boxes, folds, and frames.
V-groove/thinning before folding; fold line avoids densely pore area.

Cardboard / Gray board

Surface coating

Primer + Matte/Gloss Top Coat
The texture is more uniform and the color blocks are cleaner.
Increasing coating thickness affects tolerances
Suitable for color block training and structural partitioning
Seal the edges first, then apply the topcoat; apply thin coats multiple times to avoid bubbling.

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

benchmark

Laser/Sawing
Surface flat
Thin ribs are easily broken
Suitable for base plate structure
Increased hole spacing

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

bas-relief

CNC engraving
Enhanced hierarchy
Tool diameter limitation
Suitable for hierarchical structures
inner corner fillet

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

Burnt edge

Laser focal edge
Boundary reinforcement
Burnt edges and powder falling off
Suitable for contour structures
Edge banding

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

splicing

Segmentation
Clearly modular
Tolerance
Suitable for modular structure
positioning holes

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

chamfer

chamfering
Soft edges
Size change
Suitable for displaying structures
Fine grinding

MDF / Medium-density fibreboard

Painting

primer + topcoat
Color uniformity
plugging hole
Suitable for color block structure
Thin coating

Plywood

benchmark

sawing
Clear layering
Edge breakage
Suitable framework
Rounded corner holes

Plywood

Mortise and tenon

Slotted assembly
Clear structure
slot width error
Suitable for grids
Groove fillet

Plywood

Texture direction

Forward and reverse pattern arrangement
Rhythm changes
Easy to break
Suitable for strips
Thickened

Plywood

polishing

Polishing
Enhanced texture
Aperture variation
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Plywood

Hollow out

Hollowed-out back panel
Enhanced hierarchy
Intensity decrease
Suitable for window panes
Reinforcement

Plywood

oil

Wood wax oil
Texture highlighting
Color difference
Suitable for material expression
Thin coating

Solid wood

benchmark

sawing
High quality
crack
Suitable for solid structures
Along the texture

Solid wood

Mortise and tenon

Mortise and tenon joint
Nodes are obvious
High precision
Suitable modules
Leave a business trip

Solid wood

Stacked

Step structure
The shadow is obvious
Warp
Suitable for level
Positioning pin

Solid wood

Burning

Burnt texture
Contrast enhancement
Carbon layer powdering
Suitable for coarse structures
Sealed carbon layer

Solid wood

dyeing

wood dye
Color block partitioning
Uneven color absorption
Suitable colors
cover

Solid wood

Oils and waxes

Wood wax oil
Gloss stability
Oil accumulation
Suitable for display
Thin coating

Acrylic

benchmark

Laser cutting
Clear boundaries
Easily cracked
Suitable geometry
Rounded corners

Acrylic

Stacked

Transparent stack
Deep Enhancement
Hole Alignment
Suitable for repetitive structures
positioning holes

Acrylic

frosted

Sandblasting
Soft light
Easily soiled
Suitable level
Unified direction

Acrylic

Hot bending

Hot bending
Folded surface
Albinism
Suitable for strips
mold

Acrylic

polishing

Edge polishing
Illuminated edge
Size change
Suitable for contours
First chamfer

Acrylic

Backlight

LED backlight
Enhanced lighting
Heat dissipation
Suitable for display
Reserved lines

Aluminum plate

benchmark

Laser cutting
Metallic feeling
bending
Suitable framework
Rounded corner holes

Aluminum plate

anode

Anodizing
Color stability
scratch
Suitable for color blocks
Oxidation after processing

Aluminum plate

Brushed

Wire drawing process
Directional texture
Texture disorder
Suitable for strips
Unified direction

Aluminum plate

Bending

Bending
3D
crack
Suitable for folding
Leave radius

Aluminum plate

punching

Punch array
Rhythm Pattern
Intensity decrease
Suitable for arrays
Uniform hole spacing

Aluminum plate

assembly

Screw connection
Module structure
Hole position error
Suitable modules
Standard hole spacing

Steel plate

benchmark

Laser cutting
tough
Deformation
Suitable for coarse structures
Thickened

Steel plate

welding

welding
Nodes are obvious
accuracy
Suitable framework
clamps

Steel plate

Oxidation

Rust
Texture
Inequality
Suitable for material expression
Control humidity

Steel plate

Folding board

Bending
shadow
stress
Suitable for folding
Reserved radius

Steel plate

Hollow out

Hollow out
Light and shadow
Deformation
Suitable for arrays
Hole spacing

Steel plate

Spraying

Powder coating
color surface
thickness
Suitable for color blocks
Thin coating

Glass

benchmark

Water jet
transparent
Easily cracked
Suitable geometry
Rounded corners

Glass

frosted

Sandblasting
Soft light
fingerprint
Suitable level
Unified processing

Glass

mezzanine

Lamination
level
weight
Suitable for layering
Controlling thickness

Glass

Colorful

Colored interlayer
Colored light
Color difference
Suitable colors
unified color scheme

Glass

Etching

Etching
pattern
Depth is difficult to control
Suitable for details
Control Time

Glass

Backlight

led
Light and shadow
Heat dissipation
Suitable for display
Reserved lines

Fabric

benchmark

Cutting
soft
Scattered edges
Suitable for soft structures
Overlock

Fabric

Frame

stretching
smooth
tension
Suitable for flat surfaces
Uniform stretching

Fabric

fold

Folded surface
shadow
creases
Suitable for folding
Pre-fold line

Fabric

patchwork

splicing
Color blocks
thickness
Suitable colors
Uniform thickness

Fabric

embroidery

embroidery
line
time consuming
Suitable for linear
Controlled density

Fabric

coating

coating
Texture
harden
Suitable for mixing
Local coating

PVC board

benchmark

Cutting
smooth
Melting edge
Suitable for sheet metal
Trial cut

PVC board

Hot bending

Hot bending
Folded surface
foaming
Suitable for strips
mold

PVC board

Buckle

Buckle connection
tidy
fatigue
Suitable modules
Leave a business trip

PVC board

screen protector

Coating
Material changes
curled edges
Suitable for surfaces
Defatting

PVC board

Hole array

Pores
Rhythm
strength
Suitable for arrays
Reinforcement

PVC board

Spraying

Spray paint
color surface
Paint accumulation
Suitable for color blocks
Thin spray

Foam board

benchmark

knife cut
轻
Frayed edges
Suitable Model
Widening

Foam board

Stacked

Overlay
level
Warp
Suitable for relief carving
counterweight

Foam board

Folded surface

Pressing
shadow
fracture
Suitable for folding
shallow pressure

Foam board

Reinforcement

Back ribs
Stable
thickness
Suitable span
Along the force

Foam board

Embedded

slotted embedding
Compare
Tear
Suitable for partitioning
Rounded corner groove

Foam board

Sealing

Sealing
unified
corrosion
Suitable for display
Water-based

Leather

benchmark

Cutting
Texture
Tear
Suitable for strips
Rounded corners

Leather

Embossing

Embossing
Texture
broken skin
Suitable for background patterns
Pressure test

Leather

stitching

stitching
line
Tear
Suitable for grids
Stitch

Leather

backing

Hollowed-out backing
Color blocks
fracture
Suitable for window panes
Bold

Leather

rivet

Rivet connection
node
error
Suitable modules
gasket

Leather

dyeing

dyeing
Color blocks
Inequality
Suitable colors
cover

Rubber sheet

benchmark

Cutting
soft
Deformation
Suitable for soft structures
Extended range

Rubber sheet

stretching

Zhang La
direction
Tear
Suitable for dynamic
Reinforcement

Rubber sheet

punching

punching
Rhythm
fracture
Suitable for arrays
Hole spacing

Rubber sheet

Stacked

Misaligned stacking
depth
Slip
Suitable for double images
Location

Rubber sheet

Buckle

Buckle
assembly
fatigue
Suitable modules
Rounded corners

Rubber sheet

Texture

Embossing
level
strength
Suitable for surfaces
shallow lines

Concrete

benchmark

Pouring
Heavy
cracking
Suitable for physical objects
Reinforcing steel

Concrete

mold

mold casting
accurate shape
bubble
Suitable modules
Vibration exhaust

Concrete

surface

polishing
luster
time consuming
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Concrete

aggregate

Exposed material
Particles
Inequality
Suitable for material expression
Control ratio

Concrete

Inserts

Embedded metal
Compare
Shedding
Suitable for mixing
Pre-embedded

Concrete

dyeing

Concrete staining
tone
Color difference
Suitable for color blocks
Even coating

Ceramics

benchmark

Firing
hard
fragile
Suitable for physical objects
thickness

Ceramics

Glaze

Glazing
luster
Glaze
Suitable for surfaces
Thin glaze

Ceramics

Engraving

Engraving
Texture
crack
Suitable for details
shallow engraving

Ceramics

Glazed

Colored glaze
Color
Color difference
Suitable for color blocks
uniform

Ceramics

Hollow out

Hollow out
Light and shadow
rupture
Suitable for window panes
Thick edge

Ceramics

splicing

splicing
Structure
error
Suitable modules
Location

Stone

benchmark

Cutting
Heavy
Shatter
Suitable for physical objects
Thickened

Stone

engraving

engraving
Texture
time consuming
Suitable for relief carving
shallow carving

Stone

polishing

polishing
luster
Smooth surface
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Stone

Rough noodles

Fire-roasted noodles
rough
Shatter
Suitable for material expression
Controlling temperature

Stone

splicing

splicing
Structure
error
Suitable modules
Location

Stone

dyeing

Stone dyeing
tone
Inequality
Suitable for color blocks
uniform

Plastic sheet

benchmark

Cutting
smooth
Melting edge
Suitable for sheet metal
Trial cut

Plastic sheet

Hot bending

Hot bending
Folded surface
Albinism
Suitable for strips
mold

Plastic sheet

punching

punching
Rhythm
Deformation
Suitable for arrays
Hole spacing

Plastic sheet

Stacked

Stacked
depth
Slip
Suitable for double images
Location

Plastic sheet

Texture

Embossing
level
strength
Suitable for surfaces
shallow lines

Plastic sheet

Spraying

Spraying
color surface
Paint accumulation
Suitable for color blocks
Thin spray

Resin

benchmark

Pouring
transparent
bubble
Suitable for physical objects
exhaust

Resin

dyeing

Resin staining
Color
Inequality
Suitable for color blocks
mix

Resin

Embedded

Embedded
level
Shedding
Suitable for mixing
fixed

Resin

polishing

polishing
luster
time consuming
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Resin

frosted

Polishing
Soft light
scratches
Suitable level
fine sand

Resin

Backlight

led
Light and shadow
Heat dissipation
Suitable for display
Reserved

Plaster

benchmark

Pouring
Matte
脆
Suitable Model
Thickened

Plaster

mold

mold casting
Form
bubble
Suitable modules
shock

Plaster

engraving

engraving
detail
Shatter
Suitable for relief carving
shallow engraving

Plaster

dyeing

dyeing
tone
Inequality
Suitable for color blocks
Thin coating

Plaster

Polishing

Polishing
smooth
dust
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Plaster

Sealing

Sealing
Protect
thickness
Suitable for display
Thin coating

Carbon fiber

benchmark

CNC cutting/waterjet cutting
High strength and distinct texture
Edge burrs
Suitable for frame structure
Edge banding

Carbon fiber

woven pattern

Woven carbon fiber laminate
Directional texture
interlayer peeling
Suitable for strip structures
Controlling fiber orientation

Carbon fiber

Stacked

Multilayer composite
Thickness Enhancement
bubble
Suitable structural modules
Vacuum pressing

Carbon fiber

polishing

Polishing
High gloss
Obvious scratches
Suitable for display pieces
Fine grinding

Carbon fiber

Hole array

Drilling array
Rhythm Structure
Fiber breakage
Suitable for array structures
Increased hole spacing

Carbon fiber

coating

Transparent protective coating
Texture enhancement
Thickness variation
Suitable for surface structures
Thin coating

Fiberglass

benchmark

Mold forming
Lightweight and high strength
Surface rough
Suitable for curved surface structures
Polishing

Fiberglass

Stacked

Fiberglass cloth laminate
Hierarchical enhancement
Resin bubbles
Suitable for composite structures
suppress

Fiberglass

transparent

transparent resin layer
semi-transparent effect
Yellowing
Suitable for light and shadow structure
UV stabilizer

Fiberglass

Spraying

Spray painting
Color uniformity
Peeling
Suitable for color block structure
primer

Fiberglass

Hole array

aperture array
Light and shadow changes
Edge burrs
Suitable for array structures
Edge sealing

Fiberglass

polishing

polishing
luster
time consuming
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Mycelium material

benchmark

Mold growth
Natural texture
Limited strength
Suitable ecological structure
Thickened

Mycelium material

suppress

Hot pressing
Density Enhancement
Deformation
Suitable for boards
Uniform pressure

Mycelium material

dyeing

Natural dyes
Natural tones
fade
Suitable for color structure
Fixative

Mycelium material

Hollow out

Opening structure
Lightweight
Brittle
Suitable for grids
Hole spacing

Mycelium material

splicing

Module splicing
The structure is obvious
error
Suitable modules
Location

Mycelium material

Sealing

Natural sealing
durable
thickness
Suitable for display
Thin coating

Aerogel

benchmark

Block cutting
Ultra-light transparent
Extremely brittle
Suitable experimental structure
protective layer

Aerogel

mezzanine

Sandwich structure
Heat insulation
rupture
Suitable for composite structures
Cover

Aerogel

Lighting effects

Lighting effects
Scattered light
fragile
Suitable for light and shadow
Transparent shell

Aerogel

dyeing

Staining treatment
Soft tones
Inequality
Suitable for color experiments
Uniform processing

Aerogel

Embedded

Embedded in transparent resin
stable structure
bubble
Suitable for display
Slow curing

Aerogel

Packaging

Hermetically sealed
Protect
thickness
Suitable for display
Transparent shell

Graphene composite materials

benchmark

Thin film composite
High conductivity
Difficult to process
Suitable experimental structure
Composite substrate

Graphene composite materials

Stacked

Multilayer composite
Strength Enhancement
peeling
Suitable for composite boards
suppress

Graphene composite materials

Conductivity

Conductive path
Functional structure
Short circuit
Suitable for interactive installations
Insulation layer

Graphene composite materials

transparent

transparent film
Optical effects
damage
Suitable for optical structures
Protective film

Graphene composite materials

complex

Resin composite
Structural reinforcement
bubble
Suitable for boards
vacuum

Graphene composite materials

coating

conductive coating
Surface Function
Wear
Suitable interface structure
Multi-story

Silicone

benchmark

Mold casting
Soft and transparent
Stretch deformation
Suitable for soft structures
thickness

Silicone

dyeing

Color glue
Soft colors
Inequality
Suitable for color structure
Mix evenly

Silicone

Inserts

Embedded structure
Composite effect
Shedding
Suitable for hybrid structures
Pre-fixation

Silicone

stretching

Tensioned structure
Dynamic form
fatigue
Suitable for dynamic structures
reinforce edges

Silicone

bubble

bubble structure
Transparent texture
rupture
Suitable experimental structure
Controlling bubbles

Silicone

surface

Matte finish
Soft luster
Dust
Suitable for display
Sealing

Bamboo fiber composite

benchmark

Cutting
Natural texture
Fiber crack
Suitable for boards
Edge sealing

Bamboo fiber composite

laminated

laminate
strength
Warp
Suitable structure
suppress

Bamboo fiber composite

Hollow out

Hollow out
Light and shadow
crack
Suitable for grids
Rounded corners

Bamboo fiber composite

dyeing

Bamboo dyeing
Color
Color difference
Suitable for color blocks
uniform

Bamboo fiber composite

splicing

splicing
Module
error
Suitable modules
Location

Bamboo fiber composite

polishing

polishing
luster
time consuming
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Recycled plastic

benchmark

Hot-pressed sheet
Grain texture
Inequality
Suitable for boards
Uniform pressing

Recycled plastic

Particles

Particle assembly
Color particles
Weak structure
Suitable for visual structure
compaction

Recycled plastic

dyeing

dyeing
Color blocks
Inequality
Suitable colors
mix

Recycled plastic

punching

punching
Rhythm
Deformation
Suitable for arrays
Hole spacing

Recycled plastic

Stacked

Stacked
depth
Slip
Suitable structure
Location

Recycled plastic

polishing

polishing
luster
scratches
Suitable for display
Fine grinding

Bioplastics

benchmark

Thermoforming
translucent
Heat distortion
Suitable for boards
Temperature control

Bioplastics

dyeing

Natural dyes
Soft colors
fade
Suitable for color blocks
Fixative

Bioplastics

punching

punching
Rhythm
crack
Suitable for arrays
Hole spacing

Bioplastics

Stacked

Stacked
depth
Slip
Suitable structure
Location

Bioplastics

Embossing

Embossing
Texture
Deformation
Suitable for surfaces
shallow pressure

Bioplastics

Sealing

Sealing
Protect
thickness
Suitable for display
Thin coating

LED light panel

benchmark

Plain board
Uniform light emission
Heat dissipation
Suitable for light and shadow structure
heat sink

LED light panel

Array

LED array
Rhythm Light Spot
Complex lines
Suitable for interactive structures
wiring

LED light panel

diffusion

Diffuser plate
Soft light
Brightness reduced
Suitable for display
Thickness control

LED light panel

Hollow out

Perforated panel
Light and shadow
bright spots
Suitable patterns
diffusion membrane

LED light panel

Colored Light

RGB light
Color changes
Control complexity
Suitable for interaction
controller

LED light panel

Stacked

Multi-layer light plate
depth
Heat dissipation
Suitable device
ventilation

ETFE film

benchmark

Tensioning frame + hot-welded edge sealing
Thin and semi-transparent with strong light reflection
Easily scratched; localized stress tearing
Suitable for large geometric shapes and light and shadow partitioning
Widen the welded edges; make the corners rounded.

ETFE film

Inflatable pillow

Double-layer film inflatable pillow
Volume and Shadow Enhancement
Air leakage at the weld; deformation of the pillow body
Suitable for modular repeating units
Independent gas lines for each zone; inspection ports provided at weld seams.

ETFE film

Printing masking

Screen printing/UV printing zones
Clear contrast between light transmission and light blocking
Boundary paste; differences in weather resistance
Suitable for partition geometry and marking
Increase line width; select weather-resistant ink

ETFE film

Perforation gradient

Laser micropore/pore density gradient
Density formation direction and rhythm
Too many holes can cause cracking; the tear will spread.
Suitable for pore gradient systems
Increase hole edge distance; reduce hole size in critical stress areas

ETFE film

Mesh

Insert mesh/line array
Structural lines are readable in thin films
Layer wrinkling; positioning difficulties
Suitable for linear grid training
First, locate the spot, then weld the whole thing; maintain consistent tension.

ETFE film

Edge reinforcement

Reinforcing strip/edge binding strip
More stable under stress, cleaner boundaries
Reinforcement exceeds tolerance; edge thickening
Suitable for large-span frames
The reinforcing strip avoids corners and bends; pre-drilled holes are provided.

TPU elastic film

benchmark

Heat sealing/high frequency welding molding
Flexible and semi-transparent with good elasticity
Stretch deformation; edge retraction
Suitable for soft structures and dynamic geometry
Make wide weld edges; avoid sharp corners

TPU elastic film

Tension deformation

Tensioning and fixing on frame
Geometric stretching produces directionality
Stress Concentration Tear
Suitable for directional training
Large rounded corners; thickened patch in stress area

TPU elastic film

Hot-pressed texture

Hot press mold embossing
Differences in gloss create layers within the same color
Weak overpressure; springback
Suitable for large-area background patterns
Apply shallow pressure multiple times; avoid stress points in the texture.

TPU elastic film

Layered misalignment

Two layers of staggered stacking
Ghosting and Depth Enhancement
Interlayer slip; bubbles
Suitable for misaligned rhythms
Use positioning holes; press to vent.

TPU elastic film

Window backing

Window opening + backing color film
Strong contrast in pore color-changing patches
Window edge stretching deformation
Suitable for window lattice systems
Rounded window corners; reinforced window edges

TPU elastic film

Printing marks

Flexible ink printing structure lines
More readable structure
Ink cracking; poor adhesion
Suitable for teaching marking
Choose an elastic ink; perform an adhesion test first.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

benchmark

bonding substrate + driver board
Low power consumption, variable graphics
Bending limitations; complex drive mechanism
Suitable for displaying variable partition structures
Prioritize planar layout; reserve trenches for wiring.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

Partition refresh

Zoned electrode control
Geometric partitions can be changed independently.
Electrode interference; boundary crosstalk
Suitable for modular mesh
Increase electrode spacing; add isolation lines to partitions.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

Semi-permeable laminate

Stacked with diffusion film
The layers are softer
Contrast decrease
Suitable for softening geometric boundaries
Thin diffusion layer; avoid excessively thick multilayer stacking.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

Partial shading

Masking plate/masking frame
Forming a contrast between fixed and variable
Boundary light leakage/display leakage
Suitable for regular composition training
Make the shielding boundary a hard straight line; press tightly to prevent leakage.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

Module splicing

Multiple pieces are pieced together to form a large image.
Scalable size
The seams are obvious; alignment is difficult.
Suitable for large grids
Design the seam as a structural line; control the error of the positioning hole.

Electronic ink film (E-ink)

Surface protection

Transparent protective plate encapsulation
Improved wear resistance
Increased reflectivity
Suitable for exhibition
Use anti-glare coating/matte cover plate

Conductive fabric

benchmark

Cutting + Laying flat and fixing
Soft and conductive, with textures contributing to the design.
Loose wires; unstable resistance
Suitable for interactive grid structures
First, lock the edges; reserve width for the conductive path.

Conductive fabric

suture circuit

Conductive lines run along the boundary
Lines are both structures and circuits.
Too many pinholes cause tearing
Suitable for strip/grid direction training
Stitch spacing is stable; corner rounding reduces stress.

Conductive fabric

Layered isolation

Conductive layer + insulating layer stack
Can be used for zoned touch control
Interlayer slip
Suitable for partitioned interaction
Partial dispensing; widened insulation boundary

Conductive fabric

Window backing

Window opening + backing film
The pore boundaries are clearer
Open the window and let the silk fall
Suitable for window lattice systems
Heat seal/apply adhesive before opening the window.

Conductive fabric

Tensioning and fixing

Tensioning on frame
Geometric stretching generates tension rhythm
resistance change
Suitable for dynamic directional training
Consistent tension; compensation using calibration procedures.

Conductive fabric

Surface Seal

Transparent elastic top coat
More wear-resistant and stable
Decreased conductivity
Suitable for exhibition
Only seal the non-contact area; leave a window at the contact point.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

benchmark

Encapsulation capsules/sandwich panels
Temperature triggers changes in texture
Leakage risk; high packaging requirements
Suitable for time-dependent geometric devices
It must be sealed; a retaining ring must be added to the edge.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Partition capsules

Partitioned filling with PCM of different melting points
Partitions change asynchronously
thermal crosstalk
Suitable for partition comparison training
Zoned heat insulation lines; leave thermal buffer gaps

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

translucent interlayer

sandwiched between transparent plates
The changes are more visible
Uneven atomization
Suitable for light and shadow layering
Consistent interlayer thickness; air bubble removal

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Texture guidance

Thermally conductive texture/metal mesh guidance
More directional
Local overheating
Suitable direction and rhythm
Consistent heat conduction wire width; avoid sharp corner concentration

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Replaceable box

Drawer-type housing with replaceable PCM module
Maintainable and iterable
The seams are obvious.
Suitable for modular systems
Design the seam as a structural line; positioning and limiting.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Surface marking

Thermochromic coating superimposed structure line
Changes make it easier to read
Coating aging
Suitable for teaching demonstrations
Apply thin coats multiple times; perform durability tests.

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

benchmark

Sandwich dimming film lamination
Transparent/Fog Switch
Edge routing is difficult; electrodes are visible.
Suitable for partitioned variable structure
Pre-installed wiring; edge sealing for moisture protection

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

Partitioned electrodes

Zoned electrode control
Geometric zones can be atomized independently.
Crosstalk boundary hair
Suitable for grid/modular systems
Wider partition isolation lines; electrode alignment

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

Backlight diffusion

Backlight + Diffuser
More uniform atomization
Bright spots are difficult to control
Suitable for light and shadow training
Use side lighting and diffused lighting; avoid direct spotlighting.

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

Silkscreen structural lines

Screen printing/UV printing structural lines
Enhanced structural readability
Reflective superposition
Suitable for partition marking
Matte inks preferred; line width increased.

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

Stack depth

Double-layer dimming misaligned stacking
Enhanced Ghosting Depth
Heavy; difficult to align
Suitable hierarchical system
Positioning hole control error; reducing the number of layers

Smart Dimming Film / Dimming Glass (PDLC)

Edge Packaging

Edge banding strip/frame
More durable and safer
Dimensional tolerance
Suitable for exhibition
Uniform frame width; rounded corners

High-density cork

benchmark

knife cutting/CNC
Matte finish, gentle, sound-absorbing
Thin bridges are prone to collapse; grains fall off the edges.
Suitable for large geometric partitions
Edge sealing; avoid sharp corners in dense pores

High-density cork

Layered Thickening

Multi-layer stacking
Thickness and Shadow Enhancement
Accumulated alignment error
Suitable for tiered levels
First, make the positioning holes, then overlap the substrate; apply pressure to cure.

High-density cork

Embossed texture

Hot-pressed textured board
Texture rhythm enhancement
Overpressure makes it brittle
Suitable for background pattern training
Multiple shallow presses; uniform texture direction

High-density cork

slotted embedding

Grooved Embedded Thin Plate/Membrane
Clear material contrast
chipped groove edge
Suitable for nested partitions
Rounded corners; chamfered edges on inserts.

High-density cork

Surface coating

Primer + Matte Top Coat
Cleaner color blocks
Eat the texture
Suitable for color block training
Apply thin coats multiple times; seal the edges first, then apply the topcoat.

High-density cork

splicing blocks

Segmentation and splicing
Seams become structural lines
The gap is conspicuous
Suitable for modular systems
Design the seams in a rhythmic pattern; positioning clamps

Hempcrete

benchmark

Cast into blocks using molds
Lightweight and porous with strong texture
Unsharp edges
Suitable for block partitioning
Boundary mold hard edge strip

Hempcrete

Layered casting

Layered casting forms a hierarchy
The hierarchy is more readable
Delamination cracks
Suitable for stepped structures
Pour again after the mixture has partially set; vibrate to remove bubbles.

Hempcrete

Embedded skeleton

Embedded mesh/steel wire skeleton
Thin-walled is more reliable
Exposed Arrancar
Suitable for window panes and long bridges
A protective layer is left between the skeleton and the surface.

Hempcrete

Surface frosting

Polishing/brushing the surface
The particles are more visible
Falling off
Suitable for texture contrast
The area must be sealed and stabilized after grinding.

Hempcrete

Color paste partitioning

Color paste/surface dyeing zone
Color and texture layering
Uneven blooming
Suitable for zone training
Make a small sample first; control the boundaries by zoning and masking.

Hempcrete

Sealing coating

Mineral sealant
Improved wear resistance
Gloss Change
Suitable for exhibition
Apply thin coats multiple times; avoid clogging pores.

Basalt fiber composite

benchmark

Fabric layering + resin curing
High strength and heat resistance
Edge burrs
Suitable for frames and panels
Edge sealing; stress is applied along the fiber direction

Basalt fiber composite

Vacuum pressing

Vacuum bag compression
The layers are more compact
High equipment requirements
Suitable for fine structures
Control the amount of resin; ensure adequate venting.

Basalt fiber composite

Texture direction

Change fiber orientation combination
Increased directional rhythm
Interlayer misalignment
Suitable for strip/grid direction training
Angular planning for each layer; reinforcement layers added to key areas.

Basalt fiber composite

aperture array

Drilling/Hole Cutting Array
Strong pore rhythm
Fiber breakage and propagation
Suitable for array structures
Round the corners of the holes; increase the spacing between holes.

Basalt fiber composite

Surface spraying

Primer + Matte Spray
Cleaner color blocks
Eat fine textures
Suitable for color training
Thin spraying multiple times; holes should be cleared first.

Basalt fiber composite

Polished top coat

Polishing + Clear Top Coat
The texture is clearer
Obvious scratches
Suitable for display pieces
Grind to a high mesh count; then seal with a top coat.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

benchmark

CNC cutting + edge banding
Light yet strong, with a smooth surface
Poor edge sealing and dust ingress
Suitable for large geometric base plates
Edge sealing is required; holes should avoid the edges of honeycomb cavities.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

Honeycomb exposed when the window is opened

Opening the window reveals the honeycomb core
Strong pore rhythm
Edge burrs
Suitable for window pane structure
Rounded corners for windows; edge trim added.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

Folded edge reinforcement

Folding/binding to form a frame
Overall more upright
The folded edge takes up space
Suitable for frame structure
Uniform fold radius; fold lines avoid window openings.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

Surface coating

Lamination/Paper
Unified texture
Edge curling
Suitable for color block partitioning
First, degrease; then press the edges firmly and trim them.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

Powder coating

Powder coating
Clean and durable color blocks
The edge of the hole is prone to clogging.
Suitable for partitioned display
Thin spraying in the perforated area; seal the edges first, then apply color.

Aluminum honeycomb panel

Modular assembly

Assembly by sections and connectors
Large structures can be made
The seams are obvious.
Suitable for modular systems
Design the seam as a structural line; control the error of the positioning hole.

HPL High-pressure laminate

benchmark

CNC cutting
Stable color and wear-resistant
The inner corners are prone to collapse
Suitable for color block partition boards
Rounded inner corners; chamfered edges on holes to prevent chipping.

HPL High-pressure laminate

Back reinforcement

Aluminum/wood reinforcement
Flatter and more stable
Increased thickness
Suitable for large panels
Partial dispensing; pressure curing

HPL High-pressure laminate

Striped partition

Slotted strips/wires
Structural lines are more readable
chipped groove edge
Suitable for grid training
Rounded corners; allowance for insert strips

HPL High-pressure laminate

aperture array

Opening/Elongated Hole Array
Strong rhythm
Cracks at the edge of the hole
Suitable for array structures
Round the corners of the holes; increase the spacing between holes.

HPL High-pressure laminate

Edge wrapping

Edge banding
Cleaner borders
Tolerance
Suitable for display pieces
Chamfer the corners first, then seal the edges; ensure consistent corner angles.

HPL High-pressure laminate

Matte finish

Matte film/fine polishing
Softer reflection
Scratch risk
Suitable for low-reflection displays
Unify process direction; conduct small-scale testing first.

Tyvek DuPont paper

benchmark

Cutting/Punching
Lightweight, tough, and waterproof with fine texture
The creases turned white
Suitable for lightweight structures and pore arrays
Leave a bridge width around the hole; avoid sharp-cornered holes.

Tyvek DuPont paper

Folds and pleats

Indentation + folding
Volume and Shadow Enhancement
Linear whitening
Suitable for folded surface construction
First crease, then fold; avoid creases in areas with dense pores.

Tyvek DuPont paper

heat-sealed splicing

Heat sealing/tape splicing
Seams become structural lines
Excessive deformation during heat sealing
Suitable for modular splicing
Temperature test strips first; joint width should be uniform.

Tyvek DuPont paper

Immersion printing ink

Water-based dyeing/spray painting
Soft color blocks
uneven osmosis
Suitable for color block training
Apply thin washes multiple times; first fix the four edges.

Tyvek DuPont paper

Perforation gradient

Micropores/Graduated Pore Density
Density formation direction
Too many holes make it easy to tear.
Suitable for array training
Hole spacing >= hole diameter; reduce holes in critical areas

Tyvek DuPont paper

Backlight Display

Backlight + Diffuse Layer
Fiber texture is enhanced by light
Yellowing of heat source
Suitable for light and shadow composition
Cold light LED; diffuser plate added to prevent bright spots

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

benchmark

Compression molding
Natural texture, matte finish
Unsharp edges
Suitable for block partitioning
Mold hard edge reinforcement boundary

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

Layered slurry

Layered slurry spreading
The hierarchy is more readable
Delamination cracking
Suitable for stepped structures
Layered compaction; semi-dry then layered

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

Embossed texture

Textured mold embossing
Increased rhythm
Fine textures are prone to blurring
Suitable for background pattern training
Texture magnification; uniform pressing

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

Window Embedded

Window opening + embedded film
Strong material contrast
Window edges are prone to collapse
Suitable for window lattice systems
Rounded window corners; thickened window rims

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

Staining partitions

Pulp coloring zone
Color blocks and textures superimposed
Color difference
Suitable for color training
First, create a small sample; then control the boundaries by using partitioned masking.

Recycled pulp/paper-plastic

Sealing coating

Varnish/wax sealant
Durability Improvement
Gloss Change
Suitable for exhibition
Apply thin coats multiple times; avoid clogging and liquid accumulation.

UV-curable coating

benchmark

Coating + UV curing
High surface hardness and clear boundaries
Shrinkage stress
Suitable for surface structure strengthening
Apply thin coats multiple times; avoid thick coats which may cause cracking.

UV-curable coating

Masking zones

Masking zone solidification
Cleaner partition boundaries
Light leaks and rough edges
Suitable for zone training
Masking, bonding, and pressing; line width enlargement

UV-curable coating

Thickness and thinness

Thick/thin coating in sections
Layering and gloss difference
Thick cracks
Suitable for hierarchical structures
Thick layers are cured in stages; rounded corners at the edges.

UV-curable coating

Microtexture

Texture sheet is cured after imprinting
Sharp details
Demolding difficulties
Suitable for background rhythm
Use a release agent; avoid sharp corners in the texture.

UV-curable coating

Transparent overlay

Transparent layer overlaid with color filter
Deeper
bubble
Suitable for light and shadow layering
Slow-speed scraping; de-bubbling and then curing

UV-curable coating

Partial polishing

Spot polishing/matte finish comparison
Clear layering under the same color
Scratch risk
Suitable for comparative training
Unify direction; first fine grinding, then polishing.

Blister PS/ABS sheet

benchmark

Heated vacuum forming
Slim and three-dimensional with clear contours
Thin edges are prone to cracking
Suitable for folded/bulk geometry
Widen the edges; avoid sharp corners and small radii

Blister PS/ABS sheet

Mold texture

Texture molding
Changes in texture and gloss
Demolding marks
Suitable for background pattern training
Texture direction is uniform; mold corners are rounded.

Blister PS/ABS sheet

Window backing

Window opening + backing color swatch
Pore color-changing blocks
Cracks by the window
Suitable for window pane structure
Rounded window corners; reinforced window edges

Blister PS/ABS sheet

Hot bending line

Localized thermal bending line
Stronger fold
Whitening Deformation
Suitable for strip folding
Test the temperature first; avoid the dense area with open windows by using a zigzag pattern.

Blister PS/ABS sheet

Layered misalignment

Multi-layer misalignment
Ghosting and Depth
Alignment is difficult
Suitable for repetitive systems
Positioning holes/pillars; allow for edge tolerances

Blister PS/ABS sheet

Spraying matte finish

Primer + Matte Spray
Softer reflections and cleaner color blocks
Paint film reveals details
Suitable for color training
Thin spraying multiple times; anti-clogging holes in the cavity area

3D printing SLS nylon

benchmark

SLS printing (default parameters)
It has good toughness and can be used to create complex pores.
Rough surface texture
Suitable for window panes and narrow bridge structures
Reserve a powder cleaning channel; the aperture should not be too small.

3D printing SLS nylon

Dyeing and Coloring

Nylon dyeing zones
Color blocks are controllable
Uneven staining
Suitable for color training
First seal, then dye; partitioned masking

3D printing SLS nylon

Polishing and rolling

Tumbling/Polishing
A smoother surface
Eat the details
Suitable for display-grade structures
Reduce polishing in the fine bridge area; separate component processing

3D printing SLS nylon

Impregnation and sealing

Impregnation resin sealing
Improved strength and appearance
Risk of clogging
Suitable for porous structures
First open the hole, then seal it; apply a thin immersion multiple times.

3D printing SLS nylon

Modular assembly

Modular clips/screws
The disassembly and assembly logic is clear.
High tolerance requirements
Suitable for modular systems
Allow for a tolerance of 0.2~0.4mm; rounded corners.

3D printing SLS nylon

Spraying matte finish

Primer + Matte Spray
Color uniformity
The edge of the hole is prone to clogging.
Suitable for color block partitioning
Thin spraying multiple times; holes should be cleared first.

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

benchmark

Cutting + Deburring
Strong porous texture, lightweight
Frizz at the edges; dust
Suitable for pore structure representation
Seal the edges; wear protective gear

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

Backing contrast

Adding a backing panel creates a contrast.
Pores are more readable
High alignment requirements
Suitable for window lattice systems
First, drill the positioning holes, then fix them; contrast the colors of the backing.

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

Partition sealing

Partitioned resin sealing
Comparison of different openwork designs using the same material
Uneven sealing
Suitable for zone training
Thin coats applied multiple times; boundary masking control lines

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

Grinding and polishing

Partial grinding and polishing
Difference in gloss and layering
Eat up the pores
Suitable for comparative training
Only polish the high points; lightly grind the pore areas.

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

Groove Beams

CNC grooving creates rib lines.
Stronger structural lines
Edge cracking
Suitable for outlines and grids
Slot corner fillet; depth machining in stages

Aluminum foam (metal foam)

Coating coloring

Transparent/Colored Sealing Coating
Color and porosity superimposed
plugging hole
Suitable for color structure
Apply thin coats multiple times; seal after opening the holes.

Bio-resin

benchmark

Casting/Lamination Curing
Transparent or semi-transparent, color adjustable
Bubbles; yellowing
Suitable for light and shadow and layering
Stir slowly to remove bubbles; avoid strong light.

Bio-resin

interlayer inserts

Insert fiber/paper/mesh
Structural lines are visible in the material
Interlayer bubbling
Suitable for grid and linear structures
First, apply a thin base layer; then add the inlays.

Bio-resin

Partition coloring

Zoned dyeing casting
Color block boundaries are controllable
Boundary infiltration
Suitable for color training
Pour again after semi-setting; use isolation strips to control the boundaries.

Bio-resin

frosted matte finish

Polishing/Atomization Treatment
Softer reflection
scratches
Suitable for low-reflection displays
Unify the direction of the grit number; grind step by step.

Bio-resin

Open window lattice

Post-processing hole opening
Strong pore rhythm
Crack risk
Suitable for window lattice systems
Rounded corners; drilling in stages and cooling.

Bio-resin

Surface Seal

UV protective top coat
Durability Improvement
Enhance gloss
Suitable for exhibition
Select a matte top coat; apply thin coats multiple times.

Transparent wood (treated wood)

benchmark

Board cutting + edge banding
Semi-transparent, with visible texture
Brittle; hygroscopic
Suitable for light and shadow geometric partitioning
Edge packaging; avoids fine bridges and dense vias

Transparent wood (treated wood)

Layered misalignment

Multi-layered staggered stack
Enhanced Ghosting Depth
Alignment error amplification
Suitable for repetitive systems
Positioning hole control error; reducing the number of layers

Transparent wood (treated wood)

Backlight Display

Backlight + Diffuser
The structure was light-enhanced
bright spots
Suitable for pore gradient
Side lighting + diffused lighting; avoid direct spotlighting.

Transparent wood (treated wood)

Staining partitions

Transparent staining/masking zones
Color and texture overlay
Uneven color absorption
Suitable for color block training
First seal the end face; then shield to ensure the boundary is clean.

Transparent wood (treated wood)

Window backing

Window opening + backing color swatch
Porous color blocks
Cracks on the window
Suitable for window pane structure
Rounded window corners; widened window rim

Transparent wood (treated wood)

Surface matte

Matte Top Coating
Softer reflection
Reduced light transmission
Suitable for stable display
Apply thin coats multiple times; create translucent comparison samples.